In Barcelona, metro stations were closed, main roads were blocked by pickets and civil servants walked out.
Tens of thousands took to the streets in protest to Spain's response to the vote, which was deemed illegal by Madrid.
Almost 900 people were injured during clashes at the weekend when riot police tried to stop people voting at polling stations.
Images of armed officers using batons and rubber bullets on peaceful voters were widely condemned.
The industrial action, affecting many services under the control of the Catalan government, was originally billed as a region-wide general strike.
But the country's largest unions did not take part and the response to the strike call was patchy outside of Barcelona. Some shops, supermarkets and cafes stayed open.
Unions have called for dialogue between the two governments, criticising both the call for independence and the heavy-handed police tactics.
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